Research Article
Eco-Friendly Collectors for Graphite Flotation: Performance Evaluation of Elaeis guineensis (Palm) Oil and Arachis Hypogaea (Groundnut) Oil
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
38-48
Received:
9 July 2025
Accepted:
28 July 2025
Published:
21 August 2025
Abstract: The increasing global demand for natural flake graphite, driven by its applications in green technology and the potential of graphene, offers a significant opportunity for Nigeria to effectively utilize its graphite resources. However, prioritizing sustainability in mineral processing is essential. The conventional collector, kerosene, is imported and non-biodegradable, presenting both economic and environmental challenges. This research aims to develop a sustainable graphite beneficiation process by exploring the use of locally sourced natural oils as alternative froth flotation collectors, focusing on Ningi graphite Run-of-Mine (R.O.M.) as a case study. The purity of the concentrate and processing efficiency were assessed using graphite burn-off assays and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis. The innovative eco-friendly froth flotation method achieved a graphite recovery rate of 82.40% using biodegradable oils, specifically Elaeis guineensis (palm) oil and Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) oil. This process resulted in a remarkable improvement in graphite purity—approximately 67-fold—while effectively reducing contamination from metal oxides. Additionally, this technique successfully separated graphite concentrate from non-combustible inorganic impurities, yielding a froth concentrate of 33.0% and achieving an impressive ash removal rate of 73.43%. This methodology addresses the economic and environmental concerns of traditional collectors while enhancing graphite purity. Further research is essential to optimize this novel approach.
Abstract: The increasing global demand for natural flake graphite, driven by its applications in green technology and the potential of graphene, offers a significant opportunity for Nigeria to effectively utilize its graphite resources. However, prioritizing sustainability in mineral processing is essential. The conventional collector, kerosene, is imported ...
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Research Article
Identification of Bainite and Martensite Phases in Cold Work Tool Steel D3 Using Color Metallography
Adnan Alizadeh Naeini*
,
Seyed Sadegh Ghasemi Banadkouki,
Amirhossein Mehrbani,
Hamidreza Karimi Zarchi
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, June 2025
Pages:
49-56
Received:
8 March 2025
Accepted:
24 July 2025
Published:
25 August 2025
Abstract: Background: AISI D3 cold-work tool steel is a high-carbon, high-chromium alloy renowned for its exceptional wear resistance and hardness, making it crucial for applications such as dies and cutting tools. The performance of this steel is intrinsically linked to its microstructure, which, depending on the heat treatment, can be a complex mixture of primary carbides, martensite, bainite, and pearlite. Accurate identification and differentiation of these phases are essential for quality control and predicting material behavior. Objective: This research aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy of various color metallography techniques for the clear identification and differentiation of bainite, martensite, and other micro-constituents in annealed D3 tool steel. This study highlights a cost-effective alternative to more advanced and expensive characterization methods like electron microscopy. Methods: Samples of D3 steel were subjected to an annealing heat treatment cycle, involving austenitizing at 1000°C followed by slow furnace cooling, to generate a multi-phase microstructure. Standard metallographic preparation was followed by the application of several chemical etchants. Single-stage etching techniques using Nital, Vilella, Sodium Metabisulfite, and Marshall’s reagent were employed, alongside two-stage techniques combining Nital with Marble’s reagent and Nital with Sodium Metabisulfite. The resulting microstructures were analyzed using optical microscopy. Furthermore, quantitative phase analysis was performed using image analysis software to determine the volume fraction of each constituent. Results: The findings indicated that while single-stage etching with Nital or Vilella could identify carbides, they failed to distinguish between bainite and martensite. The two-stage technique using Nital followed by Marble’s reagent provided excellent differentiation between carbides, martensite (light brown), and bainite (bright green). However, the most effective overall technique was single-stage etching with aqueous sodium metabisulfite, which successfully revealed all micro-constituents-carbides, martensite, bainite, and pearlite-simultaneously with superior contrast and clarity. Quantitative analysis revealed a microstructure composed of approximately 18% carbides, 55% martensite, 22% bainite, and 5% pearlite. Color metallography, particularly using sodium metabisulfite, proves to be a highly effective, rapid, and economical method for the comprehensive microstructural analysis of D3 tool steel. The developed techniques provide a reliable tool for phase identification in high-chromium tool steels, facilitating process control and material development.
Abstract: Background: AISI D3 cold-work tool steel is a high-carbon, high-chromium alloy renowned for its exceptional wear resistance and hardness, making it crucial for applications such as dies and cutting tools. The performance of this steel is intrinsically linked to its microstructure, which, depending on the heat treatment, can be a complex mixture of ...
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