A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

Vladimir Samuilovich Kogan; Vasiliy Vasilievich Rosen

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12

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A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

Vladimir Samuilovich Kogan^*

, Vasiliy Vasilievich Rosen

Published in International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Volume 9, Issue 1)

Received: 25 August 2024 Accepted: 9 September 2024 Published: 26 September 2024

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Abstract

In this work, the chemical composition of electrode materials from two samples of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) is comprehensively investigated. The material balance of the physical and mechanical processing of the LiBs mixture is determined. The developed dry process scheme made it possible to extract the following components (wt.%): 15.6 plastic (ABS), 1.89 electronic materials (PP), 59.1 black mass (three types), 6.43 plastic (PVC), 2.97 Al, 6.31 Cu and 7.1 magnetic fraction (Fe). The thermodynamics of reductive leaching of LiCoO₂ in the H₂SO₄-HCOOH system was studied. It was calculated that the Gibbs energy of the leaching reaction at 363 K is -327.4 kJ/mol, the equilibrium constant is 2.02×10⁴⁴. All these factors showed the potential of using formic acid as a reducing agent instead of the commonly used hydrogen peroxide solution. It is known to be unstable, since when the solution is heated from 20 to 50⁰ C, the decomposition of H₂O₂ increases 20 times, and the presence of copper sulfate, which usually accompanies the decomposition of the black mass in a sulfuric acid medium, leads to the destruction of 76% of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it was of interest to study the kinetics of cobalt dissolution from the cathode material in the H₂SO₄-HCOOH system. It was shown that the Crank-Ginstling-Braunstein equation agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data, which indicates intra-diffusion limitation of dissolution. The activation energy was determined. The optimal composition and conditions of the leaching solution for dissolving cobalt, lithium and associated transition metals from the black mass were determined. The thermodynamics and kinetics of dissolution of Ag, Au and Pd from electrode materials in a bromide-bromine solution were also studied.

Published in	International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12
Page(s)	11-23
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Physical-Mechanical Recycling Technology, Black Mass, Printed Circuit Board Concentrate, Transition Metal Leaching, Precious Metals Leaching

References

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[15]	Sun L. et al. Organic oxalate as leachate and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent Lithium-Ion Batteries // Waste Management, 32 (8), August 2013. PP. 1575-1582; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.027
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Kogan, V. S., Rosen, V. V. (2024). A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries. International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 9(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12

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ACS Style

Kogan, V. S.; Rosen, V. V. A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries. Int. J. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. 2024, 9(1), 11-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12

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AMA Style

Kogan VS, Rosen VV. A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries. Int J Miner Process Extr Metall. 2024;9(1):11-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12,
  author = {Vladimir Samuilovich Kogan and Vasiliy Vasilievich Rosen},
  title = {A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries
},
  journal = {International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmpem.20240901.12},
  abstract = {In this work, the chemical composition of electrode materials from two samples of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) is comprehensively investigated. The material balance of the physical and mechanical processing of the LiBs mixture is determined. The developed dry process scheme made it possible to extract the following components (wt.%): 15.6 plastic (ABS), 1.89 electronic materials (PP), 59.1 black mass (three types), 6.43 plastic (PVC), 2.97 Al, 6.31 Cu and 7.1 magnetic fraction (Fe). The thermodynamics of reductive leaching of LiCoO2 in the H2SO4-HCOOH system was studied. It was calculated that the Gibbs energy of the leaching reaction at 363 K is -327.4 kJ/mol, the equilibrium constant is 2.02×1044. All these factors showed the potential of using formic acid as a reducing agent instead of the commonly used hydrogen peroxide solution. It is known to be unstable, since when the solution is heated from 20 to 500 C, the decomposition of H2O2 increases 20 times, and the presence of copper sulfate, which usually accompanies the decomposition of the black mass in a sulfuric acid medium, leads to the destruction of 76% of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it was of interest to study the kinetics of cobalt dissolution from the cathode material in the H2SO4-HCOOH system. It was shown that the Crank-Ginstling-Braunstein equation agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data, which indicates intra-diffusion limitation of dissolution. The activation energy was determined. The optimal composition and conditions of the leaching solution for dissolving cobalt, lithium and associated transition metals from the black mass were determined. The thermodynamics and kinetics of dissolution of Ag, Au and Pd from electrode materials in a bromide-bromine solution were also studied.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

AU  - Vladimir Samuilovich Kogan
AU  - Vasiliy Vasilievich Rosen
Y1  - 2024/09/26
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12
T2  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JF  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JO  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
SP  - 11
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1859
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12
AB  - In this work, the chemical composition of electrode materials from two samples of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) is comprehensively investigated. The material balance of the physical and mechanical processing of the LiBs mixture is determined. The developed dry process scheme made it possible to extract the following components (wt.%): 15.6 plastic (ABS), 1.89 electronic materials (PP), 59.1 black mass (three types), 6.43 plastic (PVC), 2.97 Al, 6.31 Cu and 7.1 magnetic fraction (Fe). The thermodynamics of reductive leaching of LiCoO2 in the H2SO4-HCOOH system was studied. It was calculated that the Gibbs energy of the leaching reaction at 363 K is -327.4 kJ/mol, the equilibrium constant is 2.02×1044. All these factors showed the potential of using formic acid as a reducing agent instead of the commonly used hydrogen peroxide solution. It is known to be unstable, since when the solution is heated from 20 to 500 C, the decomposition of H2O2 increases 20 times, and the presence of copper sulfate, which usually accompanies the decomposition of the black mass in a sulfuric acid medium, leads to the destruction of 76% of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it was of interest to study the kinetics of cobalt dissolution from the cathode material in the H2SO4-HCOOH system. It was shown that the Crank-Ginstling-Braunstein equation agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data, which indicates intra-diffusion limitation of dissolution. The activation energy was determined. The optimal composition and conditions of the leaching solution for dissolving cobalt, lithium and associated transition metals from the black mass were determined. The thermodynamics and kinetics of dissolution of Ag, Au and Pd from electrode materials in a bromide-bromine solution were also studied.

VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Vladimir Samuilovich Kogan

Research & Development Department of All Recycling Ltd, Petah Tikva, Israel

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-0512
Vasiliy Vasilievich Rosen

ZBM Analytical Lab of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences Faculty, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8297-4508

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Kogan, V. S., Rosen, V. V. (2024). A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries. International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 9(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12

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ACS Style

Kogan, V. S.; Rosen, V. V. A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries. Int. J. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. 2024, 9(1), 11-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12

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AMA Style

Kogan VS, Rosen VV. A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries. Int J Miner Process Extr Metall. 2024;9(1):11-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12,
  author = {Vladimir Samuilovich Kogan and Vasiliy Vasilievich Rosen},
  title = {A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries
},
  journal = {International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmpem.20240901.12},
  abstract = {In this work, the chemical composition of electrode materials from two samples of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) is comprehensively investigated. The material balance of the physical and mechanical processing of the LiBs mixture is determined. The developed dry process scheme made it possible to extract the following components (wt.%): 15.6 plastic (ABS), 1.89 electronic materials (PP), 59.1 black mass (three types), 6.43 plastic (PVC), 2.97 Al, 6.31 Cu and 7.1 magnetic fraction (Fe). The thermodynamics of reductive leaching of LiCoO2 in the H2SO4-HCOOH system was studied. It was calculated that the Gibbs energy of the leaching reaction at 363 K is -327.4 kJ/mol, the equilibrium constant is 2.02×1044. All these factors showed the potential of using formic acid as a reducing agent instead of the commonly used hydrogen peroxide solution. It is known to be unstable, since when the solution is heated from 20 to 500 C, the decomposition of H2O2 increases 20 times, and the presence of copper sulfate, which usually accompanies the decomposition of the black mass in a sulfuric acid medium, leads to the destruction of 76% of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it was of interest to study the kinetics of cobalt dissolution from the cathode material in the H2SO4-HCOOH system. It was shown that the Crank-Ginstling-Braunstein equation agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data, which indicates intra-diffusion limitation of dissolution. The activation energy was determined. The optimal composition and conditions of the leaching solution for dissolving cobalt, lithium and associated transition metals from the black mass were determined. The thermodynamics and kinetics of dissolution of Ag, Au and Pd from electrode materials in a bromide-bromine solution were also studied.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Combined Physical-Mechanical and Hydrometallurgical Approach for Recovering Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

AU  - Vladimir Samuilovich Kogan
AU  - Vasiliy Vasilievich Rosen
Y1  - 2024/09/26
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12
T2  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JF  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
JO  - International Journal of Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy
SP  - 11
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1859
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmpem.20240901.12
AB  - In this work, the chemical composition of electrode materials from two samples of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) is comprehensively investigated. The material balance of the physical and mechanical processing of the LiBs mixture is determined. The developed dry process scheme made it possible to extract the following components (wt.%): 15.6 plastic (ABS), 1.89 electronic materials (PP), 59.1 black mass (three types), 6.43 plastic (PVC), 2.97 Al, 6.31 Cu and 7.1 magnetic fraction (Fe). The thermodynamics of reductive leaching of LiCoO2 in the H2SO4-HCOOH system was studied. It was calculated that the Gibbs energy of the leaching reaction at 363 K is -327.4 kJ/mol, the equilibrium constant is 2.02×1044. All these factors showed the potential of using formic acid as a reducing agent instead of the commonly used hydrogen peroxide solution. It is known to be unstable, since when the solution is heated from 20 to 500 C, the decomposition of H2O2 increases 20 times, and the presence of copper sulfate, which usually accompanies the decomposition of the black mass in a sulfuric acid medium, leads to the destruction of 76% of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it was of interest to study the kinetics of cobalt dissolution from the cathode material in the H2SO4-HCOOH system. It was shown that the Crank-Ginstling-Braunstein equation agrees satisfactorily with the experimental data, which indicates intra-diffusion limitation of dissolution. The activation energy was determined. The optimal composition and conditions of the leaching solution for dissolving cobalt, lithium and associated transition metals from the black mass were determined. The thermodynamics and kinetics of dissolution of Ag, Au and Pd from electrode materials in a bromide-bromine solution were also studied.

VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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